Write a report explaining what practices an organisation might adopt

Essays on Write a report explaining what practices an organisation might adopt as part of an employee engagement policy, and assessing who stands to gain the most from this the organisation or the employee Lab Report Table of Contents 0 Introduction 2.0 Policies Adopted by Organisations 3.0 Who Gains Most? 3 4.0 Conclusion 5 References 6 Employee Engagement: Policies Adopted and its Benefits 1.0 Introduction It is a common knowledge in today’s environment that companies have perceived human workforce as the most valuable asset than information technology because of their labor service that allows an organisation to achieve its goals. Recognising their effect on the financial performance of the company, employees are highly prioritised through the various efforts of the companies to maintain employee satisfaction. Employing in human resource management and policies, employees are motivated to work beyond the expectations of the company. This strategy is referred to as employee engagement. CIPD (2009, p.1) defines employee engagement (EE) as giving an environment to employees where they could establish a relationship with their co-workers, job, and employers. Employees have a clear understanding on the corporate’s mission, vision, and culture that allow them to create commitment. The main thrust of this paper is to explain the policies adopted by most companies in creating e mployee engagement. Moreover, it aims to analyse the most advantageous between the employee and employer in adopting these policies. 2.0 Policies Adopted by Organisations Organisations often focus on the area of employee satisfaction, but the identified cases that drive the engagement of employees are the leadership system of the company, engaging managers, employee voice, and integrity. Leadership enables the employer to explain the mission statement of the company, and the employee’s contribution in achieving it. Moreover, managers are encouraging employees to perform their job efficiently and effectively without unfair treatment and biased judgment. Communication is the central point of employee’s voice wherein staff have a chance to voice out their concerns without fear. As part of empowering employees, employers listen to their opinions. Lastly, integrity is the values shaping the organisation that manifests the trustworthiness of employers, which is followed by employees (Acas, 2010). In creating an engaging environment, most companies concentrate on the recruitment, selection, and induction area. This strategy aims to decrease â€Å"employee’s turnover† (Ongori, 2007, p.049). Companies desire to prevent employees from leaving the organisation. They are motivated to retain productive, efficient, and effective employees because of the central point: profit. Thus, when the employee’s satisfaction is high, there is a small probability of employee turnover. Moreover, companies invest in pay and reward system. Reward system through recognition increases the â€Å"sense of the organisation’s appreciation and support† to employees. However, monetary rewards employed by other companies have not increased employee’s commitment (Carpenter Wyman, 2007, p.7). Currently, companies are investing on nonfinancial method of motivating employees. According to the survey conducted by Dewhurst, et al. (2009), nonfinancial motivators produce long term engagement than financial incentives due to the cost cutting of companies that decreases the employee’s morale. This is applicable to employees who are satisfied with their salary. Furthermore, equality and equity are promoted by employers to display corporate values. Equity involves the fair treatment of management to all employees while equity is synonymous to equity, but it focuses on rewards that are based on their contributions (Hewitt, 2011, p.12). In addition, internal communication is used to inform employees of the procedures involved in discipline and grievance. The fairness of employers and managers relies on how they treat and apply disciplinary actions. 3.0 Who Gains Most? Employers and employees have a tacit agreement that entails their obligations in exchange of service and money (Shore Barksdale, 1998). The employment relationship has different goals and objectives set that can be achieved through the cooperation of employees and employers. Based on Devi (2009, p.3), employee engagement is a â€Å"two-way street†; hence, employers and employees must work together. In the concept of the employment relationship, employees are searching for a sustainable company that offers high wages while employer seeks for profit and high quality of service. Therefore, when implementing employee engagement policy, it is believed that both parties achieved its goals and objectives. Companies that apply employee engagement have perceived importance of high salary offered to employees because Williams, et al., (2012, p.20) assert that high salary is dependent on â€Å"organisational performance.† High wages imply that employer values the employees’ welfare within the organisation, which prompted owner to share their success with them. This will lead to happy employees and employers have acknowledge that happiness and fulfillment result to productivity (Doherty, 2010, p.32). Productivity is always associated with profit that is the primary goal of companies. Saks (2006, p.604) explains that the antecedents to attain job engagement and organisation engagement is through the perception of employees regarding on the characteristics of their job, support from managers and organisation, rewards through monetary or non-monetary incentives, and justice. Employees’ perception results to individual outcome and work-related consequence. In individual outcomes, employees will likely increase the level of their commitment and job satisfaction. Furthermore, work-related consequences involve the increasing productivity, quality output, and positive work-experience. On the other hand, management aims for controlling their employees, which weakens their bargaining power. However, the employment relationship strategy involves the balancing of â€Å"cooperation and conflict† wherein employees and employer met at their shared interest (Edwards, 2003, p.15). Through the negotiation of labor union, employer and employees reach a collective bar gaining agreement that protects their interest. It has been studied that employee engagement is linked to organisational performance. Since the company searches for profit, the survival of the organisation is guaranteed. In a study conducted by Attridge (2009, p.389), engaged employees have changed the financial performance of the company. When examining its past financial performance, the company’s future profit is â€Å"four times stronger.† The company’s success is contingent on the communication aspect. Another study found out that effective communication contributes to 16% rise of company’s market value. Therefore, the strategy of the company must be precise and clear to employees, so that they would feel the sense of belongingness and importance. Markos (2010, p.92) points out that aside from organisation’s increased financial performance, productivity, and low employee turnover, employee engagement is connected to customer loyalty and safety. The more engage the employees, the more they perform better to serve the customers for the benefit of the organisation. The employer will be assured of the quality service that employees rendered. 4.0 Conclusion With the perceive consequences of employee engagement, companies have implemented policies that create engagement such as rewards and recognition; effective communication on the organisation’s mission statement, grievance and disciplinary procedures; investment in recruitment, training and development; and equality and equity in the workplace. Furthermore, it is concluded that employers and employees benefit on the employee engagement policy because their goals are achieved. References ACAS, 2010. Building employee engagement. UK: ACAS. Attridge, M., 2009. Measuring and managing employee work engagement: a review of the research and business literature. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 24 (4), pp.383-398. Carpenter, G. Wyman, O., 2007. Engaging employees to drive global business success: insights from Mercer’s what’s working research. New York, NY: MERCER. CIPD, 2009. An HR directors guide to employee engagement. London: CIPD. Devi, V.R., 2009. Employee engagement is a two-way street. Human Resource Management International Digest, 17 (2), pp.3-4. Dewhurst, M. et al., 2007. Motivating people: getting beyond money. McKinsey Quarterly, [e-journal]. Available at: http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Motivating_people_Getting_beyond_money_2460 [Accessed 6 Feb 2012]. Doherty, R., 2010. Making employee engagement an end-to-end practice. Strategic Review, 9 (3), pp.32-37. Edwards, P.K., 2003. Industrial relations: theory and practice in Britain. Germany: Blackwell Publishing. Hewitt, A., 2011. Trends in global employee engagement. USA: Aon. Markos, S., 2010. Employee engagement: the key to improving performance. International Journal of Business and Management, 5 (12), pp.89-96. Ongori, H., 2007. A review of the literature on employee turnover. African Journal of Business Management, 1 (3), pp.049-054. Saks, A.M., 2006. Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21 (7), pp.600-619. Shore, L.M. Barksdale, K., 1998. Examining degree of balance and level of obligation in the employment relationship: a social exchange approach. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, pp.731-744. Williams, C. et al., 2012. Mgmt. USA: Cengage Learning.

Obesity In Latino Children Essay - 1717 Words

Obesity and Overweight in Latino Children The review paper â€Å"Factors Associated with Obesity in Latino Children: A Review of the Literature† by Melanie L. Kornides, Panagiota Kitsantas, and Antonia M. Villarruel discusses the collective findings of studies performed on the weight and lifestyles of Latino children from between the years 1998 and 2010. A range of influencing factors is covered, including acculturation, environment, diet, activity, and genetics. This article shows the flaws in some of the studies and proves that much work is left to be done in terms of researching root causes of obesity. Quite a few of the connections were deemed to be positive in one study, yet negative in another. There†¦show more content†¦Interpersonal On the interpersonal level, parents could set up play groups with other children in the area. It may be a good idea to start a garden and get their children involved with the preparation of their own food, particularly for low-income families who may not otherwise be able to afford much fresh produce. This would allow the child to see exactly where their food came from and if they are a child who is not so keen on eating their vegetables, the knowledge that they put in a lot of effort into growing and preparing that food might make them more likely to want to at least try it. Having set limits on screen time or times of day when the children are required to be outdoors could be beneficial to a healthier BMI as well. Institutional On an institutional level, having schools provide healthy lunch options and remove high fat and high sugar foods from vending machines would be helpful. It would give the children at least one area where, if they are buying lunch from the school, their food will always be nutrient dense. Instituting mandatory nutrition courses at schools would educate the children on what they should be eating and explain why, making it more likely that they would change their eating habits since they will be able to understand why healthy eating is important. Performing a survey on the children of what their favorite sports or outdoor activities are would be aShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Playing Video Games On Adolescents1554 Words   |  7 PagesAhyoung Song Professor Christina Collins English 1004 23 November 2016 Adolescents Playing Video Games An Issue Analysis Essay Introduction: Are there people who have never played video games at least once in their adolescence? You might recall some happy memories of playing video games with your best friends or that your parents punished you because you spent a lot of time playing video games. Most school teachers and parents are apt to think that playing video games in adolescence might only haveRead MoreSocioeconomic Status Of Hispanic Americans Essay1633 Words   |  7 Pagesincreasingly more diverse, and Latinos will be one of the forces driving this demographic change. According to the 2010 U.S. Census Bureau population estimate, there are roughly 50.5 million Hispanics representing about 16 percent of the U.S. population. By 2050, when demographers tell us that there will be no racial or ethnic majority among the general population of the United States, it is projected that the Latino population will double to 30 percent. Consequently, the role of Latinos in shaping our country’sRead MoreObesity Is Not An Isolated, Personal Matter1788 Words   |  8 Pages Obesity, a health condition commonly characterized by the excessive accumulation and retention of fat in the body, is found in more than twenty-eight percent of adults. This statistic found in 2015 is a new high for obesity rates with a two and a half percentage increase since 2008. This represents an increase of about six million American adults. With the addition of about seventeen percent of children and teens aged two to nineteen years old also being affected by this health condition, aboutRead MoreMedia Technology Affects American Society Essay1700 Words   |  7 PagesZachary G. McLeod Essay 3 7/31/06 Media Technology affects American Society There are many forces and factors that shape the society of America. The media has a profound affect on how we perceive the world since it is controlled by others. Many of people come home and turn on the television. They zone out, and are bombarded with ads and TV shows that seem harmless but are harmful on a subconscious level. TV has become universal and affects everybody of all ages, religions, races, sizesRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On Society Today911 Words   |  4 Pagesdefined as means of communication that reach and influence society or people widely. For instance, radios, televisions, newspapers, and magazines are forms of media. The influence the media has around the globe is profound, therefore, in this essay, I am going to discuss the impact that media has on the society today. Although social media can connect all people in the world instantly, the negative effects have a great impact on the society because it decreases the desire for actual communicationRead MoreLatino History and Culture6732 Words   |  27 PagesLatino History and Culture Historians are still unclear on when the first Latinos appeared in North America. The most prevalent theory is that they were nomadic hunters who came from the Asia mainland and across the then frozen Bering Straight into Alaska. Regardless of their origins their main region is now the Americas, both North and South and it is expected that the Latino population in the United States will increase by 40% in the next ten years (US Census 2010). Their culture andRead MoreThe Importance Of Cultural Competence And Applying A Diverse Population Essay1877 Words   |  8 Pagesand environmental trends at all conceivable spatiotemporal scales. Hence, Rennen and Martens (2003) define globalisation as an intensification of cross national economic, political and cultural interactions that lead to transitional structures. This essay will be looking at the concept of cultural competence and applying this to a diverse population, it is important for health care professionals who work in hig h stress environments, it is important that individuals must develop cultural competency toRead MoreAutonomic Nervous System and Obj8649 Words   |  35 Pages77. Which of the following is true about obesity? a.|1 out of 3 adult Americans are obese.| b.|Less than one half of African American women over the age of 40 are obese.| c.|Problems with unhealthy weight gain in the United States have been decreasing.| d.|About 1 million Americans die each year because of health problems related to obesity.| ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 9-192 OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual 78. It is suspected that ___________ is a factor in obesity. a.|heredity|c.|having a high fat-to-muscleRead MoreCreative Dance7322 Words   |  30 Pagesgroups. The movement themes developed from these elements have formed the basis of numerous handbooks on creative dance, among them Preston-Dunlop’s (1980) A Handbook for Dance in Education, Joyce’s (1980) First Steps in Teaching Creative Dance to Children, and Boorman’s (1969) Creative Dance in the First Three Grades. Although Morin (1988) criticizes the curriculum content these writers propose as too myopic, I suggest that the development of an elemental movement vocabulary has a wider purpose, that

Lady Of Shalott Essay Example For Students

Lady Of Shalott Essay FALLFor me the fall is an exhilarating time of year. A time of change, an in-between period of muddled and varied weather. For others who view fall as a short time before a dreary winter, fall takes on a less colorful face. Alfred Lord Tennyson uses fall metaphorically throughout The Lady of Shalott to illustrate how the Lady of Shalotts life (or lack thereof) progresses. Looking at fall at the macro level reveals that fall is a time of change. Like fall the Lady of Shalotts life saw very little change. Until there was a very sudden and abrupt sequence of events that led to the death (or winter) of her life. In addition viewing fall at the micro level one does not see a fixed display of weather. On the contrary, fall is made up of some clear and warm days and some cold and dismal days. This would lead to the belief that fall is neither hot nor cold, but that it is actually in the middle somewhere. In other words fall is a gray area. It is neither black nor white. A reference to this can be seen in the sixth line of stanza two when Tennyson describes The Lady of Shalotts abode as, Four gray walls, and four gray towers.Likewise three key quotes help to illustrate three different stages in Lady Shalotts life. Tennyson characterizes the first stage of Lady Shalotts life where she is cursed and cut off from society as cold and somber. This feeling can be seen in, Little breezes dusk and shiver (ln. 11). The second stage of Lady Shalotts life in which she is inspired by the knight, The sun came dazzling through the leaves, is convincing evidence by testimony of the leaves that there is referen ce to fall (ln. 75). Finally Lady Shalotts death is metaphorically represented in, The leaves upon her falling light, portraying the passing of fall into winter and her life into death (ln.138). In closing Alfred Lord Tennyson does an excellent job of using the season of fall as a hidden metaphor and insight into the life of Lady of Shalott.

The ecstasy of influence a plagiarism Essay Example

The ecstasy of influence: a plagiarism Paper In his essay â€Å"The ecstasy of influence: a plagiarism†, Jonathan Lethem contends that all works of creativity could be found to have elements that have been plagiarized from others, whether the artist consciously or subconsciously committed the copying. The copied part may be a line, theme, or an idea. They are also called many things. In music writing, for instance, reworking of melodic fragments and musical frameworks are called â€Å"versions†. Lethem uses the term â€Å"appropriation† to describe how Bob Dylan used lines and titles from film and literature for his song lyrics. The point is that the practice cuts across â€Å"all forms and genres in the realm of cultural production (Lethem)†. Then again, many masterpieces in various cultural genres—like Shakespeare’s plays or Dylan’s songs—were created because the artist has been inspired by the work of the master. Invention is the creation of something new out of something old or putting together several ideas into one new whole. By the way, if you forget to check an essay for plagiarism, do it right now! The concepts of intellectual property rights and the modern copyright law do not refer to a â€Å"right† in the absolute sense, but a monopoly of those who will benefit from the royalties one has to pay for borrowing elements from another’s creative output. They could instead stump creativity instead of promote it because they make the artist conscious against infringing upon the copyright of others. A creative work should be a springboard for inspiration into the production of a new work. Art should be given and received as a gift. Only then could a piece convey an â€Å"uncommodifiable surplus of inspiration (Lethem)† among its recipients. We will write a custom essay sample on The ecstasy of influence: a plagiarism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The ecstasy of influence: a plagiarism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The ecstasy of influence: a plagiarism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It should be a commons, something which belongs to everyone. Writers, painters or musicians who are being copied should be honored instead of suing the copyists. Artists earn already from their work and they should learn to give some away, like when a poet allows a musician to use a line from his poem. Substantially, all ideas are second hand, unconsciously and consciously copied from somewhere. There is no such thing as an original work, only ones inspired from others. Reference Lethem, Jonathan. (February 2007). â€Å"The ecstasy of influence: a plagiarism. † Harper’s Magazine.

Employee Motivation within Dominos Pizza

Employee Motivation within Dominos Pizza Free Online Research Papers In modern society, motivation is still considered a contentious issue within management circles. The key for managers is to understand and utilise the numerous motivational factors that affect employees within the workplace. Financial rewards are regarded as a key factor in workplace motivation; however, additional factors such as work appreciation, variety, and security remain just as important. These factors can best be described as work outcomes which are a result of employee inputs. Adams’ equity theory identifies both inputs and outcomes as the two primary components in the employee-employer exchange, Kinicki Kreitner (2007, p. 242). An organisation’s employee turnover does not solely depend on the input-to-output ratio alone it also depends on the comparison between the input-to- output ratio of employees fulfilling a similar position, Chapman (2007). An explanation of employee inputs and outputs will be used to identify the perceived equity or inequity of an employee within Domino’s. This will provide a better understanding of how Adams’ theory affects employee turnover. The key factor in retaining employees is to ensure that there is substantial scope for job enrichment. The job characteristics model can assist in ensuring job enrichment through the five core job characteristics. These characteristics can be used to assess the motivating potential score (MPS) formula of an organisation. This formula and its individual values will be discussed to identify the possible outcomes for employees within Domino’s. In conclusion, Vroom’s expectancy theory will be used to explain Rob Cecere’s decision to remain at Domino’s. Vroom’s theory suggests that motivation boils down to the decision of how much effort to exert in a specific task situation, Kinicki and Kreitner (2007, p. 247). This is in contrast to the process-focused model of Adams’ equity theory. ADAMS’ EQUITY THEORY The equity theory of motivation is based on the fact that people are motivated first to achieve and then to maintain a sense of equity. Equity refers to the allocation of rewards in direct parity to the contribution of each employee to the organisation. Within Domino’s, each employee perceives their contribution in differing levels. For example, pizza-makers and telephone operators provide similar inputs as delivery drivers; however, the delivery drivers receive less financial reward creating inequity. Mcshane and Travaglione (2007, p. 154) suggest that employees will experience an emotional tension when they perceive inequities, and, when sufficiently strong, the tension motivates them to reduce the inequities. There are numerous methods that an employee can employ to correct inequity feelings. These include reducing inputs, increasing outcomes, changing perceptions, or changing the comparison other. Ultimately, if these methods do not obtain the desired outcomes, an employee will become de-motivated and may quit their occupation. The motivation of each employee will also depend on the manner in which the organisation is managed. In Domino’s case, the store manager is considered as the force multiplier in terms of motivating, administering and retaining the casual employees, Ryan (2007, p. 8). As stated by Kinicki Kreitner (2007, p. 199), â€Å"Without a steady boss, workers there (Domino’s)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.had a turnover rate as high as 300% a year†. This indicates that previous store managers had experienced under-reward inequity creating a high turnover rate in employees. In contrast to Adams’ equity theory, the job characteristics model (JCM) and its core dimensions measure the motivating potential of jobs through the use of a mathematical formula (MPS). JCM CORE DIMENSIONS AND MPS FROMULA The JCM argues that the motivation to work is a function of three critical psychological states- experienced meaningfulness of the work, experienced responsibility for outcomes of the work, and knowledge of the actual results of the work activities. These three critical psychological states, in turn, are determined by five job characteristics- skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback, Renn and Vandenberg (1995, pp.279-301). These five core dimensions can be utilised to determine the motivating potential score within a specific occupation. Anderson and Rungtusanatham (1996, p. 362) suggest that a jobs motivating potential can be enhanced by increasing the level of any of the core job characteristics; at the same time, if a job scores low on autonomy, feedback, or the weighted sum of skill variety, task identity, and task significance, then the resulting MPS would be relatively low. Within Domino’s the skill variety for employees can be calculated as being within the low-range at a value of 2. This is due to the simple and sometimes repetitive nature of working in the fast food industry. To increase the skill variety for employees, the store manager can implement a job enrichment scheme that is designed to reverse the effects of tasks that are repetitive requiring little autonomy. Some of these effects are boredom, lack of flexibility, and employee dissatisfaction, Fourman and Jones (1997). In addition to skill variety, task identity can also be viewed as having a low MPS value of 2. There are several different positions within Domino’s and although each position has numerous tasks, these tasks are designed to be a small part of the bigger picture. As a result, pizza makers will create the product and drivers will deliver the product. Therefore, the majority of employees cannot complete the work that they begin. The task significance associated with Domino’s employees can be identified as having a mid-range value of 3. The best explanation for this value is that if the product is not prepared or delivered on time, the long term profitability of the organisation will be affected. This can create less demand for the product and ultimately decrease employee motivation due to less working hours. Another job characteristic that has a low MPS value of 2 is autonomy. Ideally, the presence of autonomy in the workforce can lead to the psychological state of felt responsibility for outcomes, resulting in high job satisfaction, Morgensen and Campion (2003, p. 423). However, the nature of the tasks associated with Domino’s employees, are so generic and simple that there is little scope for employee initiative which creates dissatisfaction. Dissatisfied employees can lead to a decrease in motivation and this can be counter-productive. This can be rectified by providing regular feedback on employee performance. Within Domino’s, feedback can be viewed as having a mid-to-low MPS value of 3. This is due to the casual basis of the majority of employees within the workplace and the resultant high employee turnover, Johnston (1992, p. 6). In all five core job characteristics, Domino’s registers low MPS values. Consequently, the total MPS value will also be low indicating a serious need for restructuring and retraining within Domino’s to motivate its employees. Another issue that can be considered is the method in which motivation is quantifiably measured. The validity of the MPS formula is dependant on numerous factors and may not be totally accurate for an organisation such as Domino’s. As a result, alternative theories can provide greater insight into employee motivation. VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY Expectancy theory provides a general framework for assessing, interpreting, and evaluating employee behaviour in learning, decision-making, attitude formation, and motivation, Chen and Lou (2002). According to Thierry and Van Eerde (1996, p. 576) the motivational force for a behaviour, action, or task is a function of three distinct perceptions: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. Rob Cecere’s expectancy affected his decision to remain at Domino’s in two ways. Initially, Rob expected that his efforts would lead to a good performance due to his expectancy perception, Becker and Landy (1990, pp. 1-3). With greater experience, Rob’s instrumentality perception would have allowed him to observe that good performance would lead to desired outcomes. Hence, the instrumentality perceived by Rob created the belief that if he does meet performance expectation, he could receive a greater reward. Through promotions, pay increases, and bonuses, the outcome valences can be viewed as positive in nature. Rob’s decision to remain at Domino’s suggests that his perceived outcomes are consistent with his values and needs. CONCLUSION As discussed, Adams’ equity theory is built-on the belief that employees become de-motivated, both in relation to their job and their employer, if they feel as though their inputs are greater than the outputs. In Domino’s case, employee inputs have consistently outweighed the outputs creating under-reward inequity. This has ultimately increased employee turnover at all levels and created shortfalls in manpower. In contrast to Adams’ theory, the JCM and its core dimensions utilise the MPS formula to provide a numerical figure to measure motivation. The overall MPS value for Domino’s provided a low-range figure. This suggests that employee motivation is low due to the way in which the workplace is structured and the relatively poorly trained managers. However, the MPS formula can be viewed as slightly inaccurate due to its reliance on specific job characteristics and does not consider key aspects associated with Domino’s pizza. Vroom’s expectancy theory suggests that the relationship between peoples behaviour at work and their goals are not as simple as first represented in other motivational theories. The expectancy theory is based on three employee beliefs in expectancy, instrumentality and valence. Rob Cecere decided to remain at Domino’s due to his perceived expectancy. This expectancy relied on his efforts ultimately leading to good performance and positive outcomes. These outcomes provided Rob Cecere with promotional opportunities, pay bonuses, and investment options. As a result, Rob’s beliefs created a motivational force that ensured job satisfaction and career longevity. WORD COUNT: 1554 REFERENCE LIST: Anderson, J.C. and Rungtusanatham, M. 1996 A clarification on conceptual and methodological issues related to the Job Characteristics Model, Journal of Operations Management 14, pp. 362. Chapman, A. 2007 ‘Adams’ equity theory’, businessballs.com, viewed 28 Mar 08, . Chen, Y., Lou, H., 2002 Toward an understanding of the behavioural intention to use a groupware application. Journal of End User Computing, 14, pp. 1–16. Fourman, L.S. Jones, J. 1997 Job enrichment in extension. Journal of Extension, 35, Number 5. Retrieved from joe.org/joe/1997october. Johnston, W.B. 1992 Symposium The Coming Labor Shortage. Journal of Labour Research, 13, Number 1, pp. 8. Landy, F.J. Becker, W.S. 1990 Motivation theory reconsidered. In: Staw, B.M., Cummings, L.L. (Eds.), Work in Organizations. Jai Press, Greenwich, CT, pp. 1–38. Mcshane, S. and Travaglione, T. 2007 Organisational behaviour on the Pacific Rim, McGraw-Hill, Sydney, pp. 154. Morgenson, Frederick P., Campion, Michael A. 2003 Work Design. In W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen, R.J. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of Psychology, Vol. 12, pp. 423-452. Renn RW, Vandenberg RJ. 1995 The critical psychological states: an underrepresented component in job characteristics model research. J Manage Vol. 21(2), pp. 279– 303. Ryan, E. 2007 ‘Disagreement on Domino’s’, The intelligent investor journal, issue 238, pp. 8. Thierry, H. and Van Eerde, W. 1996 Vroom’s expectancy models and workrelated criteria: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, Number 5, pp. 575–586. Research Papers on Employee Motivation within Domino's PizzaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalResearch Process Part OneAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemThree Concepts of PsychodynamicThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenTwilight of the UAWMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Calculating a Confidence Interval for a Mean

Calculating a Confidence Interval for a Mean Inferential statistics concerns the process of beginning with a statistical sample and then arriving at the value of a population parameter that is unknown. The unknown value is not determined directly. Rather we end up with an estimate that falls into a range of values. This range is known in mathematical terms an interval of real numbers and is specifically referred to as a confidence interval. Confidence intervals are all similar to one another in a few ways. Two-sided confidence intervals all have the same form: Estimate  ± Margin of Error Similarities in confidence intervals also extend to the steps used to calculate confidence intervals. We will examine how to determine a two-sided confidence interval for a population mean when the population standard deviation is unknown. An underlying assumption is that we are sampling from a normally distributed population. Process for Confidence Interval for Mean With an Unknown Sigma We will work through a list of steps required to find our desired confidence interval. Although all of the steps are important, the first one is particularly so: Check Conditions: Begin by making sure that the conditions for our confidence interval have been met. We assume that the value of the population standard deviation, denoted by the Greek letter sigma ÏÆ', is unknown and that we are working with a normal distribution. We can relax the assumption that we have a normal distribution as long as our sample is large enough and has no outliers or extreme skewness.Calculate Estimate: We estimate our population parameter, in this case, the population mean, by use of a statistic, in this case, the sample mean. This involves forming a simple random sample from our population. Sometimes we can suppose that our sample is a simple random sample, even if it does not meet the strict definition.Critical Value: We obtain the critical value t* that correspond with our confidence level. These values are found by consulting a table of t-scores or by using the software. If we use a table, we will need to know the number of degrees of freedom. The number of degrees of freedom is one less than the number of individuals in our sample. Margin of Error: Calculate the margin of error t*s /√n, where n is the size of the simple random sample that we formed and s is the sample standard deviation, which we obtain from our statistical sample.Conclude: Finish by putting together the estimate and margin of error. This can be expressed as either Estimate  ± Margin of Error or as Estimate - Margin of Error to Estimate Margin of Error. In the statement of our confidence interval it is important to indicate the level of confidence. This is just as much a part of our confidence interval as numbers for the estimate and margin of error. Example To see how we can construct a confidence interval, we will work through an example. Suppose we know that the heights of a specific species of pea plants are normally distributed. A simple random sample of 30 pea plants has a mean height of 12 inches with a sample standard deviation of 2 inches. What is a 90% confidence interval for the mean height for the entire population of pea plants? We will work through the steps that were outlined above: Check Conditions: The conditions have been met as the population standard deviation is unknown and we are dealing with a normal distribution.Calculate Estimate: We have been told that we have a simple random sample of 30 pea plants. The mean height for this sample is 12 inches, so this is our estimate.Critical Value: Our sample has a size of 30, and so there are 29 degrees of freedom. The critical value for confidence level of 90% is given by t* 1.699.Margin of Error: Now we use the margin of error formula and obtain a margin of error of t*s /√n (1.699)(2) /√(30) 0.620.Conclude: We conclude by putting everything together. A 90% confidence interval for the population’s mean height score is 12  ± 0.62 inches. Alternatively, we could state this confidence interval as 11.38 inches to 12.62 inches. Practical Considerations Confidence intervals of the above type are more realistic than other types that can be encountered in a statistics course. It is very rare to know the population standard deviation but not know the population mean. Here we assume that we do not know either of these population parameters.

The History of Pan-Africanism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The History of Pan-Africanism - Essay Example This was one of the greatest racial discrimination of this era, where blacks were being demoralized and oppressed on various grounds. The movement of Pan-African unity was very essential for African Americans. It helped them to identify politics, because African origin was not recognizing its people’s identity (Mayihlome, 2011). This era reduced differences between various people of Africa and supported indiscriminate "African" heritage. As a philosophy, Pan-Africanism represented an ethical system which traced origins from ancient times and promoted values of African civilization. It struggles against slavery, racial discrimination, neo-colonialism and colonialism. European slave trade was another concept used in Pan-Africanism. In past era Africans were forced for slavery from various origins and their descendants were breathing in an environment, where they were being exploited because at that time African origin became a sign of servile status. There were many differences such as political, cultural etc, but this concept of slavery was affecting people negatively. 1.2 Past scenario Africans were being treated as slaves in America, South America, and Caribbean. At this time migration of Africa (born out of the Berlin Conference of 1884 & 85) had begun. At first there was a movement of anti-slavery and anti-colonial amongst black people of Africa and the Diaspora, in the late nineteenth century. Pan-Africanism developed in these decades. Pan-Africanism had provided shelter and created unity, independence, political and economic assistance and created chronological and cultural awareness among people (Young, 2010). The ideology of pan-Africanism  was based on  self-respect  and  so-called  Africa for the Africans. Its alternative  focus was on  ethnic  gathering. It changed colonial procedures without any political power. It highlighted all the  troubles  that African peope faced in this era and aided in the foundation of nationalism (Hakim, 2007). The entire past scenario of this movement and its value is described in the following points: ROOTS Pan-Africanism comprises of rich history, which dates back to eighteenth century. It originated from the New World rather than from Africa itself. People were bound by slavery in America and the Caribbean People of Africa were looking for their ancestral homeland, with missing sense of dignity and freedom. Pan-Africanism also represented those people who were born in captivity. Prince Hall, a black cleric  within  Boston, campaigned with the assistance of 1787 people in order to replace the disputes of  black in  Africa. Another black Bostonian, Quaker shipbuilder Paul Cuffe, took matters into his own hands  and with 1815 people founded a  village  within  Sierra Leone, which British considered as a refuge for freed and led to runaway of slaves, around 1787 people.   This movement was later termed as negritude, which stood to represent blackness (Fors ter, 1994). Past glory The effect of repatriation  was arguable in America in nineteenth century and many people participated in it such as Frederick Douglass,  contested  that black Americans should be given their rights. The efforts of American Colonization Society (largely white liberals) resulted  with another slave refuge: Liberia. Former slaves were replaced  towards Africa from Caribbean and Brazil. Later, in 1930's, the ideology of negritude ("blackness"), increased among French-speaking African  scholars  in France. Those Africans who kept protecting negritude contended that characteristics of the

Issues and Dilemmas of Contemporary Public Administration WK 6 Term Paper - 1

Issues and Dilemmas of Contemporary Public Administration WK 6 - Term Paper Example More often than not however, public administrators have been confronted with a myriad of ethical obligations which include but not inclined to: public interest, administrative responsibility as well as other personal life matters such as finances, sexual misconduct and health, among many others (Geuras & Garofalo, 2009). Public interest incorporates the welfare of the general public. Public administrators are mandated to serve the people. Thus, they are endorsed with the duty and responsibility to enhance public interest. It is therefore expected of them to conduct their activities with fairness and equality. Thus, they have an ethical obligation to maintain accountability and openness in their activities so as to ensure that they are doing what is perceived to be right within the perception of the public. Administrative responsibility on the other hand involves the behavior of public administrators and the expectations that others have with respect to that behavior. In this regards, a public administrator is deemed to be responsible if his/her behavior conforms to the expectations. Conversely, if a public administrator’s behavior deviated from the expectations, such an administrator is considered irresponsible. The private sector has been applauded for enhancing administrative responsibility more efficiently than the public sector. Perhaps, this accounts for the increased prevalence of various governments privatizing most of their activities. In a nutshell, privatization refers to the incidence of transferring ownership of public service, property, agency, enterprise or business from the public sector to the private sector. More often than not, privatization has been considered as a solution to the many challenges that are replete in public administration. This has seen an increase in the private sector assuming the responsibility of carrying out service delivery, which was initially carried out by the public sector. In the recent years, many

Online Hotel reservation Essay Example for Free

Online Hotel reservation Essay INTRODUCTION Over the years, the internet has greatly changed the way people use computers and communicate today. Many Internet terms have become part of peoples everyday language and e-mail has added a whole new means through which people can communicate. By the turn of the century, information, including access to the Internet, will be the basis for personal, economic, and political advancement. The popular name for the Internet is the information superhighway. Whether you want to find the latest financial news, browse through library catalogs, exchange information with colleagues, or join in a lively political debate, the Internet is the tool that will take you beyond telephones, faxes, and isolated computers to a burgeoning networked information frontier. The pace of change brought about by new technologies has had a significant effect on the way people live and work worldwide. New and emerging technologies challenge the traditional process of teaching and learning, and the way education is managed. Information technology, while an important area of study in its own right, is having a major impact across all curriculum areas. As internet technology has improved, so have online reservation systems. Today, it is possible through online, to make a reservation for a hotel anywhere in the world. Hotels can create Web site and post new content on it every day. Technology has gone a long way, improving the lives of people. These technological breakthroughs have lots to offer, making great things in the easiest, fastest and efficient possible ways you can think of. Online hotel Reservation is very useful for the people especially for socials that they can now easily reserve a room in a hotel through online Internet. Easy worldwide communication provides instant access to a vast array of data. Project Overview Project Statement The hotel reservation system will provide service to on-line customers, travel agents, and an administrator. On-line customers and travel agents can make searches, reservations and cancel an existing reservation on the hotel reservation’s web site. Administrator can add/update the hotel and the room information approve/disapprove a new travel agent’s account application and  generate a monthly occupancy rate report for each hotel. Literature review The design of travel and tourism websites has received substantial attention by scholars (e.g.Schegg et al., 2002; Law and Leung, 2002; Law andWong, 2003; Scharl, Wà ¶ber and Bauer, 2003; Landvogt, 2004; So and Morrison, 2004; Essawy, 2005; Jeong et al., 2005; Law and Hsu,2006;Zafiropoulos and Vrana, 2006; Schmidt, Cantallops, and dos Santos, 2007).Landvogt (2004) evaluates several online booking engines over 23 differentcriteria, like overall user friendliness, payment method, instant confirmation,reliability, and invoicing function among others. These criteria present some ofsystem’s functions and design principles discussed furtherin current paper.In their study Jeong et al. (2005) find that only two characteristics ofhotel websites (information completeness and ease of use) are importantdeterminants of perceived website quality. These results are bewildering asmost studies identify more dimensions of perceived service quality to besignificant for website users. Law and Hsu (2006), for example, assess thedimensions of hotel websites (information regarding the reservation, hotelfacilities, contact details of the property, surrounding area and websitemanagement) and attributes in each dimension mostly valued by online users.Some of the most important website attributes are found to be the room rates,availability and security of payments (in the reservation informationdimension), the location maps, hotel and room amenities (in facilitiesinformation), telephone, address and e-mail of the hotel (for contactinformation), transportation to the hotel, airports and sights (for surroundingarea information), and up-to-date information, multilingual site and shortdownload time (for website management). So and Morrison (2004) applysimilar criteria for website evaluation as the preceding study but they groupthem into technical, marketing, consumer perspective and destinationinformation perspective criteria.Essawy (2005) focuses on website usability and shows that severeusability problems with interface quality, information quality, and servicequality affect negatively the purchase and revisit intentions of website users.The author identifies some of the practical tools/activities for increasing users’perceived satisfaction, purchase intention, and potential relationship building –exchanging links  with local points of interest, shorter/simpler pathways toleisure breaks, greater depth of information for room facilities and pricing,providing proactive interactions, and avoiding third-party reservation systems. In similar vein, Scharl, Wà ¶ber and Bauer (2003) assess the effectiveness ofhotel websites. Authors identify personal, system and media factors thatcontribute to hotel website adoption. In the system factors group, that is morecontrollable by the hotel management compared to personal and media factors,they identify the perceived utility of the product, speed of the system,intelligence, layout, services, languages, navigation, interactivity, reliability ofthe system.Research has also shown that trust is an important dimension of websitedevelopment (Fam, Foscht and Collins, 2004; Chen, 2006; Wu and Chang, 2006). If consumers do not trust the website they will not visit it, or will nottransform their visits into real purchases.Although much effort has been put towards evaluating the design oftourism websites and the identification of website attributes highly valued bycustomers, there is a gap in the research in the OHRS design and its specificproblems have not received enough attention in previous research with fewnotable exceptions. In series of reports Bainbridge (2002, 2003a, 2003b)discusses the practical aspects of the OHRS design (the search option in thesystems, the booking process and the date format), while Ivanov (2002, 2005)discusses the types and main characteristics of OHRSs and the major marketingdecisions to be taken by the marketing managers in their design. The review of available literature on the tourism / hotel website and OHRS design reveals the following conclusions:  · Website users are interested in easy navigation through the system.  · They want abundance of information for the services offered in textand pictures.  · Trust is vital for the usage of the system.  · Website design can significantly influence the online experience of theusers and their purchase intentions.  · Website design itself does not guarantee online purchases but it is theperceived utility of the product that attracts customers. Demographic characteristics and Internet Usage Behaviour Education level, age, income,and occupation have been found to be significantly different among Internet users. Bonn etal.(1998)[15] study showed that those who use the Internet as a travel information-gathering tool are likely to bemore educated, younger, with higher household incomes, use commercial lodging accommodations while traveling, tend to travel by air and spend more money on travel-related expenses. Weber and Roehl’s (1999)[16] study shows similar results. They found that online travel purchasers are more likely to be people who are aged 26-55, with higherincomes, with higher status occupations, and have more years of experience with the Internet than those who do not search or purchase online. The Asian demographic patterns of online purchasers tend to mirror their Western profiles. According tostudies carried out by Technowledge Asia in 1999 and 2000, cybershoppers in the four Asian regions (Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Malaysia) were found to be mainly males, in the age group of 26 to 35 years and better educated. Hence, it has been shown that an individual’s educational level may affect their susceptibility to attitude change. Intelligent people understandcomplex messages better, and as a result, persuasion by complex messages is more likely. In addition, an individual’s educational level is alsopartially a measure of their socioeconomic status. Weber and Roehl (1999)[16] study found that Internet â€Å"bookers† were more likely to have used the Internet for 4 years. Other researchers confirmed that Internet bookers spend more time online per week than those booking offline (Weber and Roehl ,1999)[16]. Finally, the intention to shop online is also influenced by consumers’ Internet shopping history (Shim et al., 2001)[17]. It is demonstrated by pastresearch findings that prior online shoppingexperiences have a direct impact on Internet shopping intentions (Weber and Roehl, 1999)[16]. There have been other studies that have supported online experience or tenure as key determinant of onlinebuying behavior (Bellman, Lohse, and Johnson, 1999[18] and Beldona et al, 2004)[19]. Findings indicate that the greater the number of years the user spent online combined with higher frequency of Internet usage; the greater was the likelihood of buying (Bellman et al., 1999[18]; Weber and Roehl, 1999[16] and Beldona et al 2004)[19]. Alwitt and Hamer (2000)[20] posit that consumers increase  their control with more time spent on the Internet, and in turn develop finer expectations of their interactions with businesses in general. Hammond, McWilliam, and Diaz (1998)[21] of users’ attitudes towards the Web. Based from the literature review of the Internet users,it is noticeable that Internet users are better educated, higher incomes, higher status occupations, have more online experience, use commercial lodging accommodations while travelling and tend to travel by air. In Malaysia, one of the profiles that had an early exposure to the culture of using the Internetfor personal and professional reasons was university residents. These may consist of students, administrators and lecturers. However, university staffs are more likely to fit the profiles of the Internet users (in terms of purchasing) due to their financial capability and mobility. Consequently, this leads to: H1 : There is a relationship between the university   staffs’ demographic factors and the determinants of  online hotel reservation H2 : There is a relationship between the university   staffs’ Internet usage behavior and the determinants of online hotel reservation

Race and Representation in Congress Essay -- Politics Political Scienc

Race and Representation in Congress The topic of race, redistricting, and minority representation in Congress has emerged as one of the most salient issues in contemporary political thought. The creation of so‑called majority minority districts has been attacked as unfair and racially polarizing by some observers and ultimately struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. The study of race in relation to American politics and institutions, and, in particular, to the institution of Congress, has produced a wealth of research and literature in recent years. This scope of budding research ranges from legislative activity and Congressional voting to the electoral process and campaigning. This study examines the effects of race in Congressional elections and campaigning, and will be primarily focused on constituent relationships with members of the House of Representatives. Through this research, a better understanding of the differences in constituent relationships and engagement between African American Ho use members and their Caucasian colleagues will be reached. Based on the current literature and prevailing scholarly attitudes, one could likely conclude that African American Congress members, on the whole, develop closer and more personal relationships with their constituents than do white representatives. This basis for this research requires further explanation. The rationale for excluding Senators from this study and for narrowing the focus exclusively to black House members reflects the difference in representation between House members and Senators. By studying House districts comprised of a smaller electorate, one can draw important conclusions about the constituency characteristics and the subsequent... ...y Weekly Report. 51.3 (Jan. 16 1993): 75 Seifman, David. â€Å"Dems Concede Engel’s Right on the Button.† The New York Post. 17 June 2000. Sherman, Mark. â€Å"Georgia Campaign ’96.† The Atlanta Journal and Constitution. 22 Sept 1996: 4D. Singh, Robert. The Congressional Black Caucus. London: SAGE Publications, 1998. Spaid, Elizabeth Levit. â€Å"Georgia Judges Overrule Black District.† Christian Science Monitor. 88.15 (Dec 15 1995): 4. Swain, Carol M. Black Faces, Black Interests. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1993. â€Å"Weller spurs GOP’s Spanish-language education.† Morris Daily Herald Online. 5 June 2003. 24 Nov. 2003. Whitby, Kenny. The Color of Representation. University of Michigan, 1997. Race and Representation in Congress Essay -- Politics Political Scienc Race and Representation in Congress The topic of race, redistricting, and minority representation in Congress has emerged as one of the most salient issues in contemporary political thought. The creation of so‑called majority minority districts has been attacked as unfair and racially polarizing by some observers and ultimately struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. The study of race in relation to American politics and institutions, and, in particular, to the institution of Congress, has produced a wealth of research and literature in recent years. This scope of budding research ranges from legislative activity and Congressional voting to the electoral process and campaigning. This study examines the effects of race in Congressional elections and campaigning, and will be primarily focused on constituent relationships with members of the House of Representatives. Through this research, a better understanding of the differences in constituent relationships and engagement between African American Ho use members and their Caucasian colleagues will be reached. Based on the current literature and prevailing scholarly attitudes, one could likely conclude that African American Congress members, on the whole, develop closer and more personal relationships with their constituents than do white representatives. This basis for this research requires further explanation. The rationale for excluding Senators from this study and for narrowing the focus exclusively to black House members reflects the difference in representation between House members and Senators. By studying House districts comprised of a smaller electorate, one can draw important conclusions about the constituency characteristics and the subsequent... ...y Weekly Report. 51.3 (Jan. 16 1993): 75 Seifman, David. â€Å"Dems Concede Engel’s Right on the Button.† The New York Post. 17 June 2000. Sherman, Mark. â€Å"Georgia Campaign ’96.† The Atlanta Journal and Constitution. 22 Sept 1996: 4D. Singh, Robert. The Congressional Black Caucus. London: SAGE Publications, 1998. Spaid, Elizabeth Levit. â€Å"Georgia Judges Overrule Black District.† Christian Science Monitor. 88.15 (Dec 15 1995): 4. Swain, Carol M. Black Faces, Black Interests. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1993. â€Å"Weller spurs GOP’s Spanish-language education.† Morris Daily Herald Online. 5 June 2003. 24 Nov. 2003. Whitby, Kenny. The Color of Representation. University of Michigan, 1997.

The Tendention of Using American English

Introduction A. Background English, one of the most spoken languages in the world, has a lot of variants. The most well-known English variants are British and American English. Although British and American English are the same language, they have some differences in vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar, and spelling (http://www. uta. fi/FAST/US1/REF/usgbintr. html, 2011). However. one variant cannot be said to be superior to the other because both have been standardized (Kemmer,2009).Despite no course about the differences between British and American English, PBI students they are still able to communicate using English. It was not known whether they tend to use British or American English. Their ability to recognize those variants of English is also questioned. Therefore, their use of American and Btritish English is studied in this research. B. Research Problems Based on the description above, the problems that can be formulated are: 1. Do PBI students more frequently use British t han American English vocabulary? . What is the tendency of PBI students in using British and American English pronunciation? 3. How successful do PBI students in identifying reading and listening passage of British and American English? 4. What is PBI students’consistency in using British and American English? C. Aims The aims of this research are: 1. to analyze whether PBI students more frequently use British English or American English vocabulary. 2. to analyze the tendency of PBI students in using British English and American English pronunciation. 3. o analyze the ability of PBI students in identifying reading and listening passage of British English and American English. 4. to analyze PBI students’ consistency in using British and American English. D. Benefits By conducting this research, the benefit that the researchers can get is to widen the knowledge concerning the differences between British and American English. For science, it is expected that this research paper can contribute to Linguistics course material. For the next researcher, this paper is expected to be able to be used as a reference to conduct a research with a similar topic.E. Scope To narrow down the discussion of this research, the researchers limit the research to the use of British and American English among PBI students of Sanata Dharma University year 2010. The other limitations are British and American English vocabulary, pronunciation, and spelling. The researchers do not study the use of British and American English among PBI Sanata Dharma other than year 2010 and other aspects of differences between British and American English such as grammar. Previous Studies/Related Theories English, one of the most spoken languages in the world, has a lot of variants.The most well-known English variants are British and American English. Although British and American English are the same language, they have some differences in vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar, and spelling. T he differences in grammatical pattern can be seen in these examples: BrEAmE half an hour a half hour five dollars a pair (five dollars the pair) at university at the university administration are administration is team are team is government are government is plenty of time plenty time half of the world half the world need it badly need it bad eally hard real hard now right now have you got†¦? do you have†¦? Ihaven’t got†¦ I don’t have†¦ try to help them try help them The differences are also found in some verbs form: BrEAmE burn – burnt – burnt burn – burned – burned dream – dreamt – dreamt dream – dreamed – dreamed mow – mowed –mown mow – mowed – mowed shine – shone – shone shine – shined – shined learn – learnt – learnt learn – learned – learned bet – betted – betted bet – bet – be t dive – dived – dived dive – dove – dived pleaded – pleaded -pleaded plead – pled – pledThe differences in spelling are for example in the words: BrEAmE colour, honour, labour, neighbour color, honor, labor, neighbor calibre, centre, fibre, theatre caliber, center, fiber, theater travelled, cancelled, labeledtraveled, canceled, labeled kidnapped, worshippedkidnaped, worshiped skilful, wilful, enrolment skillful, willful, enrollment defence, offence, pretence defense, offense, pretense abridgement, judgement abridgment, judgment authorise, characterise, colonise, authorize, characterize, colonizeThe differences in pronunciation can be explained by following explanation: 1. Br [a:] before -f, -s, -S, m, n is pronounced [? ] (ask, after, half, path, chance, plant, sample) 2. Br [i] in timid, America is often pronounced [? ] 3. Br [a] in but, hurry is pronounced closer to [? ] 4. AmE does not leave out the r-sounds in better, perceive, b ird, here, poor 5. Br [ju:] after consonants d, t, n is pronounced [u:], eg. duty, tune, new 6. BrE reduces the secondary stress more than AmE, eg. secretary, secondary, necessary 7.Suffix -ile is pronounced [-? l] in AmE and [-ail] in BrE, eg. agile, fertile, hostile, mobile The differences in pronunciation are in for example in the words: BrE AmE resource [ri’zo:s] [ri:so:s] figure [fig? ] [figj? r] leisure [lez? ] [li:z? r] either [ai ] [i: r] research [ri’s? :c] [ri:s? :rc] glacier [gl? si? ] [gleis? r] schedule [sedju? l] [skedz? l] and so on. The differences in vocabulary are for example in the words: BrEAmE public toilets restrooms curriculum vitae resume, personal history the cinema the movies, the movie theater ift elevator lorrytruck pavement sidewalk taxi cab (book)shop (book)store rubbish garbage subway underpass cottage cabin sweets candy, and so on. According to Svartvik and Sager (2005:2) English pronunciation varies a great deal, whereas English grammar is very consistent and homogenous. The lexical items of the language is fairly similar as well although people from the two geographic areas use diverse vocabulary and slang. David Crystal (2005:308) shows how the lexical items from the two regions, American and British, can be classified into different categories.The first category shows that there are examples of two words that have a single meaning, e. g. sweets which is called candy in America. The second category shows the same word is used in both countries but with different meanings, for instance the word caravan which is used in both American English and British English but with different meanings, that is to say that the word caravan means â€Å"a vehicle towed by a car† in Britain whereas a caravan is â€Å"a group of people that travel through a desert† in American English. According to Professor H.Marckwardt of Princeton University â€Å"When foreign teachers are worried about which English they should t each – British or American – it seems to me that we’ve now arrived at the point where we can say without hesitation: Teach the form that you know and that you have the resources to teach. † So, as teacher we have to be able to identify the American English and British English, understand the differences, then we mind which English that we use. Methods/ Data Collection The method that is used in field project 2 was quantitative method because this project was dealing with numbers.To collect the data, we used questionnaire. We used the answer of the questionnaire as the parameter to identify the result of this small research. The students that were chosen in this project were 20 PBI students from year 2010 of Sanata Dharma University. Though the number of the students was too small for the result to be considered as statistically secure, but at least, the result could give a clue to the reality of the situation. The students are randomly chosen, without cons idering gender, age, social status and other aspects that can influence the choice in language using.The next step of this project was questionnaire distribution among the respondents. The questionnaire consisted of four parts where the first part was vocabulary identification. In this part, fifteen questions and pictures that showed different things were provided. Besides each picture, the respondents could find two synonymous words, one American and one British. Then, the correspondents had to circle one out of two words that they found the most familiar. For example, a picture of a building was provided in the questionnaire. Besides that picture, two synonymous words were written.The correspondents then must circle one word that they recognize most, either flat (BrE) or apartment (AmE). By seeing the result, we can count how many American English vocabulary items or British English vocabulary items circled, so we can know the tendency of students using the vocabulary. [pic] The s econd section is reading section. This section consisted of two reading passages using British and American vocabulary items. In the first passage, we provide British English vocabulary items and in the second passage, we provide American English vocabulary items.The correspondents then must identify which text consisted of British English Vocabulary items and which text consisted of American English vocabulary items. [pic] The third section is pronunciation. Pronunciation section is to see the tendency of PBI students in using American English pronunciation or British English pronunciation. In this part, the respondents are offered 10 words which have different pronunciation in American English and British English. [pic] [pic]From that questionnaire, therespondent have to pronounce the10 words, and the observer will circle the phonetic transcription based on the respondents’ pronunciation on the assessment paper – whether they pronounce the words using American Englis h pronunciation or British English pronunciation. By seeing the result, we can count how many American English pronunciation or British English pronunciation circled, so we can know the tendency of students pronounce the words. The fourth part of the questionnaire was listening section. In this part, three recordings from BBC and TOEFL listening materials were provided.The duration of each recording was approximately 1 minute and 30 seconds. The correspondents are asked to listen to the three recordings and identify whether the speakers in each conversations are using British accent or American accent. After collecting the data from the respondents, the researchers then analyzed the data. The respondents’ answer are classified according to the quantity of British and American English using. The questionnaire result that showed more circle in AmE English vocabulary items were separated from those that showed more circle in BrE vocabulary items.The result that shows the student s who were tend to pronounce the word in AmE way also separated from the result which showed those who were tend to pronounce words in BrE. Besides, the result of the students who could have identified the recordings and the reading passages correctly were also separated from the result of those who couldn’t have identified correctly. From this classification, the students’ tendency in using either British English or American English and the students’ ability in identifying the passages of British English and American English can be seen clearly.Results A. VOCABULARY SECTION The result of the vocabulary part is that students who chose the answers with more American English vocabulary items are 6, and students who chose the answers with more British English vocabulary are 14. The result is explained in following table: |Result |Number of students | |American English Tendency |6 | |British English Tendency |14 |From this result, we can say that there are 6 studen ts have tendency to use American English and there are 14 students have tendency to use British English, so PBI students have tendency using British English vocabulary items than American English vocabulary items. B. PRONUNCIATION SECTION In the pronunciation part, the result is that there are 8 students pronounced the words using more American English pronunciation, 8 students pronounced the words using 5 American English pronunciations and 5 British English pronunciations, and there are 4 students pronounced using more British English. The result is explained in following table: Result |Number of students | |American English tendency |8 | |Equal |8 | |British English tendency |4 | From this result, we can say that there are 8 students have tendency to use American English and there are 4 students have tendency to use British English. So we can conclude thet PBI students have tendency using American English pronunciation than British English pronunciation.C. READING PASSAGES The r esult of reading part is that there are 14 students could identify the reading passages with correct all, and there are 6 students couldn’t identify the reading passages. The result is explained in following table: |Result |Number of students | |Correct all |14 | |Correct one |0 | |Incorrect all |6 |From the result, we can say that most of PBI students can identify the American English reading passages and British English reading passages. D. LISTENING PASSAGES The result of listening part is that there are 11 students could identify the three listening passages perfectly, there are 2 students could identify two listening passages correctly, and there are 4 students could identify only one listening passages correctly, and no one could’n identify the listening passages incorrect all. The result is: Result |Number of students | |Correct all |11 | |Correct two |5 | |Correct one |4 | |Incorrect all |0 | From the result, we can say that most of PBI students can identify th e American English listening passages and British English listening passages. Discussion Based on the results, it can be seen that PBI students tend to use British English vocabulary items instead of those of American English.It is revealed that 14 students answer the vocabulary questionnaire with most Btitish English vocabulary items. Meanwhile, 6 students mostly use American vocabulary items to answer the questionnaire. Regarding their pronunciation, PBI students tend to use American style to pronounce the words in the questionnaire. The results show that 8 students answer it with American English pronounciation and 8 students mix British and American English pronunciation equally. The other 4 students tend to use British English style of pronouncing.Most PBI students can identify the British and American English reading passages, which means that they know the differences between British and American English spelling and vocabulary items contained in the reading passages. From th e results, it is seen that 14 students can answer all the questions in the questionnaire correctly. Meanwhile, 6 students cannot identify British and American English reading passages correctly because all their answers are wrong. Most PBI students are also able to identify the listening passages correctly. 1 students have all correct answers, 5 students have 2 correct answers and 4 students have only 1 correct answer in the questionnaire. It means that 11 students can recognize the differences between British and American English pronunciation well while 9 students cannot recognize British and American English pronunciation well. Therefore, it can be inferred that PBI students are inconsistent in using British and American English. Such conclusion can be drawn because they tend to use British English vocabulary but when it comes to pronunciation, American English style is mostly used.Besides, there are no students who answer the questionnaire consistenely with all British or Americ an English vocabulary and pronunciation; all of them have mixed answers. That inconsistency is even strengthened by the fact that they are actually aware of the differences between British and American English, as shown in their ability to identify British and American English reading and listening passages correctly. Closing Remarks Based on the previous elaboration, it can be concluded that: 1. PBI students more frequently use British English vocabulary. . PBI students tend to use American English pronunciation instead of British English pronunciation. 3. Most PBI students are able to identify reading and listening passage of British English and American English correctly 4. PBI students are not consistent in using British and American English. â€Å"When foreign teachers are worried about which English they should teach – British or American – it seems to me that we’ve now arrived at the point where we can say without hesitation: Teach the form that you know and that you have the resources to teach. -Professor H. Marckwardt of Princeton University to the hesitant and confused teachers- Students of PBI are actually taught and prepared to be the English teachers do not matter they want it or not. Realizing that there are two popular kinds of English (British English and American English), as the teacher who teach English as second language, they have to also master the differences, and be able to identify them. As teachers they will be asked to provide and arrange teaching materials such as reading passage, listening passage and also explanation.This is why teacher must be equipped with the knowledge of British and American English differences so they are able to provide explanation or passage using consistent choice (British or American English). Using British English or American English is not the matter. But using British or American English consistently is the emphasis. For example, teachers can not mix the British and American Engli sh in one reading passage that they make because it will result either confusion or student’s inconsistency in using the language variation.To improve students’ knowledge and ability either to identify the variation or use it consistently, the study program has to provide a specific course which can equip the students. If to create new course is less possible, the lecturers of each course must be able to integrate their course with this important equipment of being English teachers. As the quote above, however, foreign English teachers have to mind which English they use to provide better teaching. References Benedikt, Zdenek. Differences Between American English and British English. retrieved on March 27, 2012) Kemmer, Suzanne. (2009). The History of English. http://www. ruf. rice. edu/~kemmer/Histengl/spelling. html (retrieved on June 10, 2012) Spangberg, Charlotte. (2007). British English or American English Vocabulary. Goteborg University : Department of English. _ ___. (2011). American vs British English: Basic Differences and Influences of Change. http://www. uta. fi/FAST/US1/REF/usgbintr. html (retrieved on June 10, 2012) Appendices 1. Questionnaire [pic] [pic] 2. Assessment Paper

Answers Pressure Ulcer

There are two main layers which make up the anatomy of the skin, the epidermis and the dermis. When pressure is applied to the skin the blood supply is cut off and the tissue becomes damaged. 2. There are three main types of force that cause damage to the skin through pressure. These are: . Direct Pressure 2. Shear or shearing force Friction or friction force 3. 3. How long does it take for pressure ulcers to start forming? It is different for each person, some are more susceptible than others.Previously people thought that pressure ulcers started forming after two hours, but this is now known to be inaccurate. 4. What risk factors make service users more susceptible to pressure ulcers? Give 4 examples. 1 . Age 2. Being under or overweight Moisture on the skin 4. Reduced mobility 5. Circulatory problems Lack of sensation 6. 7. Previous history of pressure damage 5. What areas on the body are common sites for pressure ulcer development? Give 5 examples. 1. Scalp 2. Shoulder blades 3. Elbows 4. Sacrum 5. Heels 6. Ears 7. Hips 8. An keels Answers (6-10) 6.Describe the method you would use to check skin for pressure damage. First look at all the areas which are common sites for pressure ulcer development for redness. If you find redness on the skin, feel the area with your hands to check for heat and press the area with your fingers to check for damage of the blood vessels. 7. How would you tell the difference between simple reddening of the skin and actual pressure damage? When you press the reddened areas, healthy skin will go white under your fingers and then return to its normal color, but damaged skin will stay red, which shows that the blood vessels are damaged. . In some cases people have had to have amputations and even died as a consequence of their pressure ulcer. True or false? True 9. What can you do to help prevent pressure ulcer development in service users? Give 3 examples.

Keats And Longfellow Analysis Essays

Keats And Longfellow Analysis Essays Keats And Longfellow Analysis Paper Keats And Longfellow Analysis Paper When I Have Fears and Mezzo Caiman by John Keats and Henry Headwords Longfellow respectively, have similar themes such as the inevitability of death and the fear of living unfulfilled and inadequate lives. John Keats fears that he will live a life of inadequacy and fail to accomplish all of his dreams, but he understands that his goals are miniscule in the larger scope of life. Conversely, Longfellow maintains a morbid view of death and of the future itself, while Keats is more captivated by the human experience and despite his uncertainty about the future, feels that living is far more important than reaching his personal goals. The poems possess some commonalities, specifically in the beginning, where both complain about the temporary nature of life. Longfellow Half of my life is gone directly coordinates with Keats When I have fears that may cease to be. Both men fear that they will die before theyre able to accomplish their respective goals. Keats specifically fears that he will die Before my pen has gleaned my teeming brain, before he can get all of his thoughts onto paper and leave his mark on the world in a literary manner. Longfellow possesses a similar fear specifically that he has not fulfilled the aspiration of [his] youth and failed to build a tower of song with lofty parapet. Both men hope to leave some sort of lasting legacy on history but both understand that death is an inevitable fact of life and that time is running out for them to accomplish their goals. Neither man has accomplished all of his goals in life, whether it be Keats literary aspirations, or Longfellow wish to build a tower of song. However, both fear that the ultimate end will come too soon and put an end to their dreams. Despite both men fearing that death will come too soon for them, the apparent differences in their situations arise towards the middle of the poem. Specifically their experiences and views of love are expressly different. Longfellow has experienced times of passion and pleasure, but complains that the subsequent sorrow and care that it disabled him in the pursuit of his goals. Longfellow experiences of a love lost caused him great pain that slowed his progress towards his goals and ultimately adversely affected his life. However, Keats takes a different tone towards love. He views love as a beautiful and mysterious endeavor that he wishes to experience before his life ends. He feels that true love occurs With the magic hand of chance and finds it regrettable that he in unable to find true love. He thinks that his keen awareness of death will prevent him from being able to trace the huge cloudy symbols of high romance or prevent him from ever experiencing true love at all. Longfellow fear of death as well as his experiences in love keep him from completely accomplishing his goals, while Keats has lived an interesting and fulfilling life that he does not want to end, hence his fear of death. The end of the poems both show the conflicting attitudes towards life and death by using situations where the men can reflect on their lives and life in general. Both men walk to the edge of a geographical feature, Keats a shore, and Longfellow a hill overlooking a city. Keats looks forward to the future during his time resting on the shore and realizes that life is a grand endeavor, and a wide world exists outside the confines of his life. He realizes that his oils are unimportant on this grand scale and seems to find peace in this fact. Longfellow on the other hand, sees nothing but a vast city that symbolizes his past, and a cataract of Death thundering from the heights. Longfellow cannot move on from his past and henceforth cannot see any future for him at all, and will never achieve his aspirations. Keats on the other hand, realizes that he still has opportunity in his life and finds peace in the fact that he is still alive to achieve his goals, despite the realization that theyre not as significant as he once thought.

49 Unforgettable F. Scott Fitzgerald Quotes

49 Unforgettable F. Scott Fitzgerald Quotes F. Scott Fitzgerald is an American writer known for works like The Great Gatsby and Tender is the Night, along with other novels and short stories. Read 49 quotes from the life and works of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Quotes About Women A letter to his daughter, November 18, 1938 A great social success is a pretty girl who plays her cards as carefully as if she were plain. The Notebooks of F. Scott Fitzgerald Debut: the first time a young girl is seen drunk in public. Tender Is the Night It took him a moment to respond to the unguarded sweetness of her smile, her body calculated to a millimeter to suggest a bud yet guarantee a flower. Quotes About Men The Notebooks of F. Scott Fitzgerald Men get to be a mixture of the charming mannerisms of the women they have known. The Great Gatsby No amount of fire or freshness can challenge what a man will store up in his ghostly heart. This Side of Paradise The idea that to make a man work youve got to hold gold in front of his eyes is a growth, not an axiom. Weve done that for so long that weve forgotten theres any other way. Life and Love The Offshore Pirate, Flappers and Philosophers All life is just a progression toward, and then a recession from, one phrase - I love you. Tender is the Night Either you think - or else others have to think for you and take power from you, pervert and discipline your natural tastes, civilize, and sterilize you. The Great Gatsby Every one suspects himself of at least one of the cardinal virtues. The Notebooks of F. Scott Fitzgerald The kiss originated when the first male reptile licked the first female reptile, implying in a subtle, complimentary way that she was as succulent as the small reptile he had for dinner the night before. The Diamond as Big as the Ritz, Tales of the Jazz Age At any rate, let us love for a while, for a year or so, you and me. Thats a form of divine drunkenness that we can all try. This Side of Paradise There used to be two kinds of kisses. First, when girls were kissed and deserted; second, when they were engaged. Now theres a third kind, where the man is kissed and deserted. If Mr. Jones of the nineties bragged hed kissed a girl, everyone knew he was through with her. If Mr. Jones of 1919 brags the same, everyone knows its because he cant kiss her anymore. On Writing A letter to his daughter All good writing is swimming under water and holding your breath. The Crack-Up Boredom is not an end-product, is comparatively rather an early stage in life and art. Youve got to go by or past or through boredom, as through a filter, before the clear product emerges. A letter to his daughter, April 27, 1940 Often I think writing is a sheer paring away of oneself leaving always something thinner, barer, more meager. A letter to his daughter, August 3, 1940 Poetry is either something that lives like fire inside you - like music to the musician or Marxism to the Communist - or else it is nothing, an empty formalized bore around which pedants can endlessly drone their notes and explanations. The Notebooks of F. Scott Fitzgerald Show me a hero and I will write you a tragedy. When the first-rate author wants an exquisite heroine or a lovely morning, he finds that all the superlatives have been worn shoddy by his inferiors. It should be a rule that bad writers must start with plain heroines and ordinary mornings, and, if they are able, work up to something better. One Hundred False Starts Mostly, we authors must repeat ourselves - thats the truth. We have two or three great moving experiences in our lives - experiences so great and moving that it doesnt seem at the time that anyone else has been so caught up and pounded and dazzled and astonished and beaten and broken and rescued and illuminated and rewarded and humbled in just that way ever before. The Last Tycoon Writers arent people exactly. Or, if theyre any good, theyre a whole lot of people trying so hard to be one person. Its like actors, who try so pathetically not to look in mirrors. Who lean backward trying - only to see their faces in the reflecting chandeliers. Youth and Aging The Diamond as Big as the Ritz, Tales of the Jazz Age Everybodys youth is a dream, a form of chemical madness. The Notebooks of F. Scott Fitzgerald Genius goes around the world in its youth incessantly apologizing for having large feet. What wonder that later in life it should be inclined to raise those feet too swiftly to fools and bores. It is in the 30s that we want friends. In the 40s, we know they wont save us any more than love did. Cavalcade of America Radio Show The man who arrives young believes that he exercises his will because his star is shining. The man who only asserts himself at 30 has a balanced idea of what willpower and fate have each contributed. The one who gets there at 40 is liable to put the emphasis on will alone. The compensation of very early success is a conviction that life is a romantic matter. In the best sense, one stays young. A letter to his cousin Cici After all, life hasnt much to offer except youth, and I suppose for older people, the love of youth in others. Bernice Bobs Her Hair At 18 our convictions are hills from which we look; at 45 they are caves in which we hide. O Russet Witch! The years between 35 and 65 revolve before the passive mind as one unexplained, confusing merry-go-round. True, they are a merry-go-round of ill-gaited and wind-broken horses, painted first in pastel colors, then in dull grays and browns, but perplexing and intolerably dizzy the thing is, as never were the merry-go-rounds of childhood or adolescence; as never, surely, were the certain-coursed, dynamic roller-coasters of youth. For most men and women these 30 years are taken up with a gradual withdrawal from life. Places The Swimmers France was a land, England was a people, but America, having about it still that quality of the idea, was harder to utter - it was the graves at Shiloh and the tired, drawn, nervous faces of its great men, and the country boys dying in the Argonne for a phrase that was empty before their bodies withered. It was a willingness of the heart. Letter, July 29, 1940 Isnt Hollywood a dump - in the human sense of the word. A hideous town pointed up by the insulting gardens of its rich, full of the human spirit at a new low of debasement. Great One-Liners The Notebooks of F. Scott Fitzgerald No grand idea was ever born in a conference, but a lot of foolish ideas have died there. Optimism is the content of small men in high places. An idea ran back and forward in his head like a blind man knocking over the solid furniture. Forgotten is forgiven. You can stroke people with words. A letter to his daughter, September 19, 1938 Nothing is as obnoxious as other peoples luck Notes for The Last Tycoon Action is character. The Great Gatsby Personality is an unbroken series of successful gestures. Sometimes it is harder to deprive oneself of a pain than of a pleasure. The Crack-Up The test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in the mind at the same time, and still retain the ability to function. The Beautiful and Damned The victor belongs to the spoils. Society and Culture A letter to his daughter, August 24, 1940 Advertising is a racket, like the movies and the brokerage business. You cannot be honest without admitting that its constructive contribution to humanity is exactly minus zero. This Side of Paradise People try so hard to believe in leaders now, pitifully hard. But we no sooner get a popular reformer or politician or soldier or writer or philosopher - a Roosevelt, a Tolstoi, a Wood, a Shaw, a Nietzsche, than the cross-currents of criticism wash him away. My Lord, no man can stand prominence these days. Its the surest path to obscurity. People get sick of hearing the same name over and over. The Rich Boy Let me tell you about the very rich. They are different from you and me. They possess and enjoy early, and it does something to them, makes them soft where we are hard, and cynical where we are trustful, in a way that, unless you were born rich, it is very difficult to understand. They think, deep in their hearts, that they are better than we are because we had to discover the compensations and refuges of life for ourselves. Even when they enter deep into our world or sink below us, they still think that they are better than we are. They are different. Letter to Ernest Hemingway, August 1936 Riches have never fascinated me, unless combined with the greatest charm or distinction. Babylon Revisited Family quarrels are bitter things. They dont go according to any rules. Theyre not like aches or wounds; theyre more like splits in the skin that wont heal because theres not enough material. The Notebooks of F. Scott Fitzgerald The easiest way to get a reputation is to go outside the fold, shout around for a few years as a violent atheist or a dangerous radical, and then crawl back to the shelter. The Past Show Mr. and Mrs. F. to Number - It is sadder to find the past again and find it inadequate to the present than it is to have it elude you and remain forever a harmonious conception of memory. The Great Gatsby So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past. Sources: Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Selected Letters by F. Scott Fitzgerald. A.B. Rudnev, 2018. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Notebooks of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, October 1, 1978. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Flappers and Philosophers. Vintage Classics, Vintage, September 8, 2009. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Tales of the Jazz Age. Vintage Classics, Vintage, August 10, 2010. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. F. Scott Fitzgerald on One Hundred False Starts. The Saturday Evening Post, March 4, 1933. Various Authors. Cavalcade of America. CBS, 1937. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Swimmers. The Saturday Evening Post, October 19, 1929. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Babylon Revisited. The Saturday Evening Post, February 21, 1931. Fitzgerald, F. Scott and Zelda. Show Mr. and Mrs. F. to Number - . Esquire, May 1, 1934.

Non-Molestation and Occupancy Orders and Ancillary Relief Essay

Non-Molestation and Occupancy Orders and Ancillary Relief - Essay Example Further details are set out below. Non-Molestation Order In order to put a stop to your husband’s violence, you are at liberty to apply to the courts for a non-molestation order under Section 42 of the Family Law Act 1996 (as amended).1 There is one pre-condition necessary for applying for a non-molestation order. The order can only be in respect of associated persons.2 Associated persons are described by Section 62 of the Family Law Act 1996 and include any number of domestic relationships including spouses.3 Therefore you and John are associated persons. Moreover, should you apply for a divorce the court can make a non-molestation order in the course of family proceedings. Either way, the court can make the order irrespective of whether or not you apply for a divorce or whether or not there are any other family proceedings.4 In deciding whether or not a non-molestation order is appropriate the court will examine all of the facts and circumstances of the case including the ne ed to ensure your well-being, health and safety. In this regard, the resulting order will have the effect or ordering John to stop the violence and may also order him to avoid doing anything else that amounts to abusive behaviour or harassment.5 Essentially, a non-molestation order may refer to specific acts of violence or harassment or abusive conduct or it may be expressed in general terms.6 A non-molestation order may be for a fixed period or made until further notice.7 We would suggest that since you are sure you want to file for a divorce that you file for a divorce and seek a non-molestation order as interim relief with a view to having the order open until further notice. According to Section 42(8) of the Family Law Act 1996, once family proceedings are withdrawn or dismissed, the non-molestation order ceases to be effective.8 The consequences of Section 42(8) should not be of concern to you, since the divorce proceedings will only be withdrawn or dismissed if you either reco ncile with John (in which case a non-molestation order would not be necessary) or if it is established that the grounds for a divorce are not substantiated (in which case there was no need for a molestation order in the first place). Regardless, a non-molestation order will provide you with significant safety since a breach of the order is a criminal offence for which John faces a term of imprisonment for up to five years.9 Occupation Order Obviously, you may want to ask John to vacate the matrimonial home, but the problem with that is that since he is a co-owner under a tenancy in common, he has the right to come back and occupy the home at any time.10 This is because pursuant to Section 30 of Part IV of the Family Law Act 1996, both spouses have the right against eviction or exclusion from the family home unless an occupation order is obtained under sections 33-38 of the 1996 Act.11 By virtue of Section 33, as an associated person with an interest in the family home as a result of the tenancy in common, you have a right to apply for an occupation order as a means of putting a stop to John’s violence against you.12 An occupation order will make an order for you to either occupy the home or part of it or order John to vacate the home or part of it.13 In making the order the court will take account of the â€Å"